CONTENTS
CONTENTS ......................................................... 2
ABSTRACT ......................................................... 3
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ......................................................... 4
1.2 Problems ......................................................... 5
1.3 Objective of research ......................................................... 5
1.4 Benefit ......................................................... 5
1.5 Hypothesis ......................................................... 5
1.6 Project
limitations ......................................................... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Cinnamon ......................................................... 5
2.2 Essential Oil ......................................................... 6
2.3 Olive Oil ......................................................... 7
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials ......................................................... 9
3.2 Procedure
3.2.1 Making the Cinnamon Oil ............................................. 9
3.2.2 Main Observation ............................................. 10
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Table ......................................................... 10
4.2 Graph ......................................................... 11
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 conclusion ......................................................... 11
5.2 suggestion ......................................................... 11
REFERENCES ......................................................... 12
ABSTRACT
DETERMINING the EFFECTIVENESS OF CINNAMON BARK
OIL AS A NATURAL INSECT REPELLENT
Pesticides
are used to repel or even to destroy insects and pests that are in our garden
or home. Some insects may disturb us. Some of them can damage property and
spread disease by contaminating our food for example. Therefore, the using of
subtance that can repel them called pesticides, are needed. Usually pesticides
that we purchased at supermarket are synthetized from chemicals, which are
harmful if inhaled or may caused disturbance in food chain and water pollution
in using by farms.
Natural
pesticides are an alternative to chemical pesticides. Most of natural
pesticides are friendly and safe for us because they are made of natural
extracts from plants, herbs, flowers, seeds, or salt mineral. Although there
are some exceptions such as nicotine that are more toxic than the chemical
ones.
Some
examples of natural pesticides are cinnamon, lemon juice, cucumber peel, or bay
leaves for keeping ants away. Honey which can be used for trapping flies, or
borax, kind of salt crystal to repel cockroaches.
Scientific
terms :
Natural
pesticides, chemical pesticides, nicotin, toxic.
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Pesticides
are needed by us to repel some insects or pests that can disturb us. Most of pesticides
that are used now contain chemicals which are dangerous and harmful not only
for human but also to other creatures or even to ecosystem. Therefore the
development in research to find the pesticides which are safe is important,
unless we will continue to make the condition of environment worse.
Indonesia
is rich in its biodiversity, also in biodiversity kind of plant that become
source of spice, such as cinnamon. Because of that indonesia is famous as
spices producer. There are four species of cinnamon that are often sold, Cinnamomun Verum (Sri Langka cinnamon or
Ceylon cinnamon), Cinnamomum Loureiroi (Saigon
cinnamon or Vietnamese cinnamon), Cinnamomum
aromaticum (Cassia or Chinese
cinnamon), Cnnamomum Burmanii (Kortinje
or Indonesian cinnamon).
There
have been many research about the benefit and use of cinnamon beside as a
spice. Chinese recorded medical use of cinnamon bark in 2700 B.C. the Ancient
Egyptians used cinnamon as a food massage oil and as a remedy for excessive
bile. It’s been known also that cinnamon especially its oil can be used as
aromatherapy, fragrance industry, nasal spray, dental preparations and cough
syrup.
And
in recent years, there was research which stated that cinnamon leaf oil has
ability to kill emerging larvae of the yellow fever mosquitos, Aedes aegypti. The research has also
identified the contents of the oil such as cinnamaldhyde, cinnamyl acetate,
eugenol, and anethole. So, its expected that cinnamon oil not only from leaf,
but also from barks, can affect not only the larvae, but also adult mosquito
and other insects as repellent.
1.2 Problems
·
What is
cinnamon oil has effectiveness of natural insect repellent?
1.3 Objective of research
·
Determine
the effectiveness of cinnamon oil as a natural insect repellent
1.4 Benefit
·
Natural pesticides from cinnamon are safer to use and are more
environment friendly.
1.5 Hypothesis
·
Cinnamon oil is an effective natural insect repellent against insects such as ants, cockroaches,
mosquitoes and flies.
1.6 Project Limitations
·
The main
source used is the cinnamon
·
Olive oil
as solvent
— Insects as the object
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice
obtained from the inner bark of several trees from the genus Cinnamomum which can be
used in both sweet and savoury foods. Cinnamon trees are native to South East
Asia. The species that often sold are Cinnamomum
burmannii (Indonesian cinnamon), Cinnamomum
verum (Ceylon cinnamon), Cinnamomum loureiroi (Saigon cinnamon)
and Cinnomomum aromaticum (Chinese
cinnamon).
Cinnamomum
burmannii, also known as Indonesian
Cinnamon, Padang Cassia,
or Korintje, is one of several plants in the genus Cinnamomum whose bark are sold
as the spice cinnamon. The spice is the least expensive of the three common
forms of cinnamon as it has the lowest essential oil content. The most common
and cheapest type of cinnamon in the US is made from powdered Cinnamomum
burmannii. As a result of the low oil content, Cinnamomum burmannii
may have less of the mildly toxic substance coumarin than does C. cassia. It is also sold as neat thick quills which
are made of one layer.
Cinnamomum burmanii is native to Southeast Asia and Indonesia. It is normally found in West Sumatra in the region known as Kerinci Regency a regency of Jambi province (hence the name Korintje) near the city of Padang. It is an introduced species in other parts
of the subtropical world, particularly in Hawaii, where
it is naturalized and invasive, spreading slowly on several islands.
Cinnamon bark is widely used as a spice.
It is principally employed in cookery as a condiment and flavoring material.
Its flavor is due to an aromatic essential oil that makes up 0.5% to 1% of its composition. The
pungent taste and scent come from cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamaldehyde (about 60 % of the bark oil) and, by the
absorption of oxygen as it ages, it darkens in color and develops resinous.
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Kingdom:
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Plantae
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Division:
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Angiosperms
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Class:
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Magnoliids
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Order:
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Laurales
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Family:
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Lauraceae
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Genus:
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Cinnamomum
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Species:
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C. burmanii
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Cinnamomum burmannii
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compounds
According to the International Herald Tribune, in 2006 Sri Lanka produced 90% of the world's cinnamon, followed by China, India, and Vietnam. According to the FAO, Indonesia produces 40% of the world's Cassia genus of cinnamon.
2.2 Essential Oil
Atsiri oil is one of
the secondary metabolic product of the plant. A plant may contain a lot of
chemical substance such as
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CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL
IN CINNAMON BARK
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α-pinen
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α-kopaen
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Torreyol
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Benzaldehid
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Cinnamic
acid
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Benzil
benzoate
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β-pinen
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β-kariofilen
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Linalool
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Limonene
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α-humulen
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α-bergamoten
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1,8-sineol
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Valencen
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Coumarin
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Benzenpropanal
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α-muuralen
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Tetradekanal
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Terpineol
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δ-kadinen
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β-element
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α-terpineol
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α-karakolen
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Naftalen
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ciscinnamaldehyde
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Kariofilen
oxide
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α-kadinol
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transcinnamaldehyde
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Widdren
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α-sinensal
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2.3 Olive Oil
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Olive oil
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A bottle of olive oil
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Fat composition
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Palmitic acid:
7.5–20.0%
Stearic acid: 0.5–5.0% Arachidic acid: <0.8% Behenic acid: <0.3% Myristic acid: <0.1% Lignoceric acid: <1.0% |
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Yes
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Properties
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Food energy per 100g
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3,700 kJ (880 kcal)
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−6 °C (21 °F)
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300 °C (572 °F)
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190 °C (374 °F)
(virgin)
210 °C (410 °F) (refined) |
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Specific gravity
at 20 °C
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0.9150–0.9180 (@ 15.5 °C)
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Viscosity at 20 °C
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84 cP
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1.4677–1.4705 (virgin and
refined)
1.4680–1.4707 (pomace) |
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75–94 (virgin and refined)
75–92 (pomace) |
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maximum: 6.6 (refined and
pomace)
0.6 (extra-virgin) |
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184–196 (virgin and refined)
182–193 (pomace) |
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20 (virgin)
10 (refined and pomace) |
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Olive oil is an oil obtained from the olive (Olea europaea; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. It is commonly used
in cooking, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps and as a fuel
for traditional oil lamps. Olive oil is used throughout the world, but
especially in the Mediterranean countries such as Spain, Italy, Greece, France, Portugal, Turkey, Syria, Tunisia and Morocco.
Olive oil is composed
mainly of the mixed triglyceride esters of oleic acid and palmitic acid and of other fatty acids, along with traces of squalene (up to 0.7%) and sterols (about 0.2% phytosterol and tocosterols).
The composition varies by cultivar, region, altitude, time of harvest, and
extraction process.
Olive oil contains a
group of related natural products with potent antioxidant properties that give extra-virgin unprocessed olive
oil its bitter and pungent taste and are esters of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, including oleocanthal and oleuropein. Olive oil is a neutral solvent, and it
doesn’t affect the insects, neither as
the attractant nor repellent.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials
— Empty aquariums with covers in same size
— Cinnamon barks or sticks
— Olive oil
— 2 glass or jars with lid
— 4 empty plastic bottles/other containers
— 4 over-ripe bananas
— 1 knife
— Cockroaches, ants, mosquitoes & flies @20
— Stopwatch
3.2 Procedure
3.2.1 Making the Cinnamon Oil
1. Pour olive oil into the glass jar of
cinnamon sticks, until they are
covered. Tightly secure the lid on the jar.
2. Set the jar of oil and cinnamon
sticks in a sunny window and leave it there for two weeks. Shake the jar daily
to help the process along.
3.
Filter the olive oil by removing and discarding the cinnamon sticks and
straining the oil.
4.
Return the oil to a clean glass container with a lid and store in a cool, dark
location.
3.2.2 Main Observation
According to standard
scientific method , in an observation
there must be three variables, they are
~ Independent variable : type of insects used.
~ Dependent variable : number of insect present on the
bananas
~
Control variable : the
number of insects used, the time taken for each set of observations, and the
size of the fish tank.
And the steps of main observation
are:
1.
Search for 20 insects
of each type, and keep each type of insect in their respective plastic bottles
or containers.
2. Peel the four bananas and cut them into halves. Coat a
layer of cinnamon oil on the surface of one half of each banana. Leave the
other half untreated. Place both halves of each banana into the aquariums, and
keep them as far away as possible from each other. Aqurium must contain a treated half of a banana, and
an untreated half.
3. Release each type of insect into aquarium according to
the labels made earlier. Observe the behavior of the insects towards the split
bananas in the aquariums for one hour. When the hour is up, count the number of
insects that went for the untreated banana, and insects that went for the the
cinnamon coated banana. Record the observations.
CHAPTER
IV RESULT
3.1 Table
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Condition
of Banana
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Number
of insects that stayed on the surface of a banana or remained near its
vicinity
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Ants
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Cockroaches
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Mosquitoes
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Flies
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Treated
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4
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7
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2
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4
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Untreated
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16
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13
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18
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16
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Protect. effectiveness
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75%
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46%
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89%
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75%
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3.2 Graph
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Consclusion
Insects were attracted to the untreated banana, while
the layer of cinnamon on the other banana repelled the majority of the insects.
The experimental data collected supports the hypothesis
that cinnamon oil is an effective natural insect repellant against insects such
as ants, cockroaches, mosquitoes and flies.
5.2 Suggestion
1.
As
children are especially vulnerable to the fumes released from chemical
pesticides, the use of natural pesticides is recommended in homes.
2.
It is needed to have more detail research for identifying the exact
substances which make insects avoid the cinnamon oil.
REFERENCES
AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis of Association Official
Agriculture Chemist. Washington DC.
FAKULTAS
KEDOKTERAN HEWAN, IPB, 2002. Laporan hasil pengujian efikasi sample repelen
terhadap nyamuk di dalam ruangan. Fak. Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian
Bogor.Guenther, E.,
1990, Minyak Atsiri Jilid I. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia press. Jakarta
Guenther, E., 1990, Minyak Atsiri Jilid IVA. Penerbit Universitas
Indonesia. Jakarta
KOMISI
PESTISIDA DEPARTEMEN PERTANIAN, 1995. Metode Standar Pengujian Efikasi
Pestisida. Departemen Pertanian, Jakarta. 1-HL 4/9-95.
Natural
pesticides - http://www.livingwithbugs.com/natural_pesticides.htmlHow to kill ant with natural pesticides - http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/685561/how_to_kill_ants_with_natural_pesticides_pg2.html?cat=32
P. Motooka et al. (2003). Weeds of Hawai's Pastures and Natural
Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. CTAHR, University of Hawai'i
at Manoa.
Tarumiinggkeng, R.C., 1992. Insektisida, sifat, mekanisme kerja dan
dampak penggunaannya. Ukrida, Jakarta
Tjitrosoepomo,
G., 2000. Taksonomi tumbuhan Spermathophyta. Cetakan ke-9. UGM press.
Yogyakarta.
Wright, J., 1991. Essential oils. Di dalam Ashruts, P.R.. Food
Flavoring. Blackie and Sons Ltd. London.
http :// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cinnamommum-burmanii.
http :// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cinnamon.
http ://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cinnamon-oil.
http ://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/olive-oil.
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